G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel.cc

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// -------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// GEANT4 Class header file
//
//
// File name:     G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel
//
// Author:        Vladimir Ivanchenko 
//
// Creation date: 06.09.2005
//
// Modifications:
// 12.08.2007 Changing low energy approximation and extrapolation. 
//            Small bug fixing and refactoring (M. Vladymyrov)
// 13.11.2007 Use low-energy asymptotic from [3] (V.Ivanchenko) 
//
//
// -------------------------------------------------------------------
// References
// [1] Steven P. Ahlen: Energy loss of relativistic heavy ionizing particles, 
//     S.P. Ahlen, Rev. Mod. Phys 52(1980), p121
// [2] K.A. Milton arXiv:hep-ex/0602040
// [3] S.P. Ahlen and K. Kinoshita, Phys. Rev. D26 (1982) 2347
 
 
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#include "G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel.hh"
#include "Randomize.hh"
#include "G4PhysicalConstants.hh"
#include "G4SystemOfUnits.hh"
#include "G4ParticleChangeForLoss.hh"
#include "G4Electron.hh"
#include "G4DynamicParticle.hh"
#include "G4ProductionCutsTable.hh"
#include "G4MaterialCutsCouple.hh"
#include "G4Log.hh"
#include "G4Pow.hh"
 
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using namespace std;
 
std::vector<G4double>* G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel::dedx0 = nullptr;
 
G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel::G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel(G4double mCharge,
                                                             const G4String& nam)
  : G4VEmModel(nam),G4VEmFluctuationModel(nam),
  magCharge(mCharge),
  twoln10(std::log(100.0)),
  betalow(0.01),
  betalim(0.1),
  beta2lim(betalim*betalim),
  bg2lim(beta2lim*(1.0 + beta2lim))
{
  nmpl = G4lrint(std::abs(magCharge) * 2 * fine_structure_const);
  if(nmpl > 6)      { nmpl = 6; }
  else if(nmpl < 1) { nmpl = 1; }
  pi_hbarc2_over_mc2 = pi * hbarc * hbarc / electron_mass_c2;
  chargeSquare = magCharge * magCharge;
  dedxlim = 45.*nmpl*nmpl*GeV*cm2/g;
  fParticleChange = nullptr;
  theElectron = G4Electron::Electron();
  G4cout << "### Monopole ionisation model with d-electron production, Gmag= " 
         << magCharge/eplus << G4endl;
  monopole = nullptr;
  mass = 0.0;
}
 
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G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel::~G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel()
{
  if(IsMaster()) { delete dedx0; }
}
 
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void G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel::SetParticle(const G4ParticleDefinition* p)
{
  monopole = p;
  mass     = monopole->GetPDGMass();
  G4double emin = 
    std::min(LowEnergyLimit(),0.1*mass*(1./sqrt(1. - betalow*betalow) - 1.)); 
  G4double emax = 
    std::max(HighEnergyLimit(),10*mass*(1./sqrt(1. - beta2lim) - 1.)); 
  SetLowEnergyLimit(emin);
  SetHighEnergyLimit(emax);
}
 
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void 
G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel::Initialise(const G4ParticleDefinition* p,
                                          const G4DataVector&)
{
  if(!monopole) { SetParticle(p); }
  if(!fParticleChange) { fParticleChange = GetParticleChangeForLoss(); }
  if(IsMaster()) {
    if(!dedx0) { dedx0 = new std::vector<G4double>; }
    G4ProductionCutsTable* theCoupleTable=
      G4ProductionCutsTable::GetProductionCutsTable();
    G4int numOfCouples = theCoupleTable->GetTableSize();
    G4int n = dedx0->size();
    if(n < numOfCouples) { dedx0->resize(numOfCouples); }
    G4Pow* g4calc = G4Pow::GetInstance();
 
    // initialise vector assuming low conductivity
    for(G4int i=0; i<numOfCouples; ++i) {
 
      const G4Material* material = 
        theCoupleTable->GetMaterialCutsCouple(i)->GetMaterial();
      G4double eDensity = material->GetElectronDensity();
      G4double vF2 = 2*electron_Compton_length*g4calc->A13(3.*pi*pi*eDensity);
      (*dedx0)[i] = pi_hbarc2_over_mc2*eDensity*nmpl*nmpl*
        (G4Log(vF2/fine_structure_const) - 0.5)/vF2;
    }
  }
}
 
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G4double 
G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel::MinEnergyCut(const G4ParticleDefinition*,
                                            const G4MaterialCutsCouple* couple)
{
  return couple->GetMaterial()->GetIonisation()->GetMeanExcitationEnergy();
}
 
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G4double 
G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel::ComputeDEDXPerVolume(const G4Material* material,
                                                    const G4ParticleDefinition* p,
                                                    G4double kineticEnergy,
                                                    G4double maxEnergy)
{
  if(!monopole) { SetParticle(p); }
  G4double tmax = MaxSecondaryEnergy(p,kineticEnergy);
  G4double cutEnergy = std::min(tmax, maxEnergy);
  cutEnergy = std::max(LowEnergyLimit(), cutEnergy);
  G4double tau   = kineticEnergy / mass;
  G4double gam   = tau + 1.0;
  G4double bg2   = tau * (tau + 2.0);
  G4double beta2 = bg2 / (gam * gam);
  G4double beta  = sqrt(beta2);
 
  // low-energy asymptotic formula
  G4double dedx = (*dedx0)[CurrentCouple()->GetIndex()]*beta;
 
  // above asymptotic
  if(beta > betalow) {
 
    // high energy
    if(beta >= betalim) {
      dedx = ComputeDEDXAhlen(material, bg2, cutEnergy);
 
    } else {
      G4double dedx1 = (*dedx0)[CurrentCouple()->GetIndex()]*betalow;
      G4double dedx2 = ComputeDEDXAhlen(material, bg2lim, cutEnergy);
 
      // extrapolation between two formula 
      G4double kapa2 = beta - betalow;
      G4double kapa1 = betalim - beta;
      dedx = (kapa1*dedx1 + kapa2*dedx2)/(kapa1 + kapa2);
    }
  }
  return dedx;
}
 
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G4double 
G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel::ComputeDEDXAhlen(const G4Material* material, 
                                                G4double bg2, 
                                                G4double cutEnergy)
{
  G4double eDensity = material->GetElectronDensity();
  G4double eexc  = material->GetIonisation()->GetMeanExcitationEnergy();
 
  // Ahlen's formula for nonconductors, [1]p157, f(5.7)
  G4double dedx = 
    0.5*(G4Log(2.0*electron_mass_c2*bg2*cutEnergy/(eexc*eexc)) -1.0);
 
  // Kazama et al. cross-section correction
  G4double  k = 0.406;
  if(nmpl > 1) { k = 0.346; }
 
  // Bloch correction
  const G4double B[7] = { 0.0, 0.248, 0.672, 1.022, 1.243, 1.464, 1.685}; 
 
  dedx += 0.5 * k - B[nmpl];
 
  // density effect correction
  G4double x = G4Log(bg2)/twoln10;
  dedx -= material->GetIonisation()->DensityCorrection(x);
 
  // now compute the total ionization loss
  dedx *=  pi_hbarc2_over_mc2 * eDensity * nmpl * nmpl;
 
  dedx = std::max(dedx, 0.0);
  return dedx;
}
 
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G4double
G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel::ComputeCrossSectionPerElectron(
                                           const G4ParticleDefinition* p,
                                           G4double kineticEnergy,
                                           G4double cut,
                                           G4double maxKinEnergy)
{
  if(!monopole) { SetParticle(p); }
  G4double tmax = MaxSecondaryEnergy(p, kineticEnergy);
  G4double maxEnergy = std::min(tmax, maxKinEnergy);
  G4double cutEnergy = std::max(LowEnergyLimit(), cut);
  G4double cross = (cutEnergy < maxEnergy) 
    ? (0.5/cutEnergy - 0.5/maxEnergy)*pi_hbarc2_over_mc2 * nmpl * nmpl : 0.0;
  return cross;
}
 
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G4double 
G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel::ComputeCrossSectionPerAtom(
                                          const G4ParticleDefinition* p,
                                          G4double kineticEnergy,
                                          G4double Z, G4double,
                                          G4double cutEnergy,
                                          G4double maxEnergy)
{
  G4double cross = 
    Z*ComputeCrossSectionPerElectron(p,kineticEnergy,cutEnergy,maxEnergy);
  return cross;
}
 
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void 
G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel::SampleSecondaries(vector<G4DynamicParticle*>* vdp,
                                                 const G4MaterialCutsCouple*,
                                                 const G4DynamicParticle* dp,
                                                 G4double minKinEnergy,
                                                 G4double maxEnergy)
{
  G4double kineticEnergy = dp->GetKineticEnergy();
  G4double tmax = MaxSecondaryEnergy(dp->GetDefinition(),kineticEnergy);
 
  G4double maxKinEnergy = std::min(maxEnergy,tmax);
  if(minKinEnergy >= maxKinEnergy) { return; }
 
  //G4cout << "G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel::SampleSecondaries: E(GeV)= "
  //         << kineticEnergy/GeV << " M(GeV)= " << mass/GeV
  //         << " tmin(MeV)= " << minKinEnergy/MeV << G4endl;
 
  G4double totEnergy     = kineticEnergy + mass;
  G4double etot2         = totEnergy*totEnergy;
  G4double beta2         = kineticEnergy*(kineticEnergy + 2.0*mass)/etot2;
  
  // sampling without nuclear size effect
  G4double q = G4UniformRand();
  G4double deltaKinEnergy = minKinEnergy*maxKinEnergy
    /(minKinEnergy*(1.0 - q) + maxKinEnergy*q);
 
  // delta-electron is produced
  G4double totMomentum = totEnergy*sqrt(beta2);
  G4double deltaMomentum =
           sqrt(deltaKinEnergy * (deltaKinEnergy + 2.0*electron_mass_c2));
  G4double cost = deltaKinEnergy * (totEnergy + electron_mass_c2) /
                                   (deltaMomentum * totMomentum);
  cost = std::min(cost, 1.0);
 
  G4double sint = sqrt((1.0 - cost)*(1.0 + cost));
 
  G4double phi = twopi * G4UniformRand() ;
 
  G4ThreeVector deltaDirection(sint*cos(phi),sint*sin(phi), cost);
  G4ThreeVector direction = dp->GetMomentumDirection();
  deltaDirection.rotateUz(direction);
 
  // create G4DynamicParticle object for delta ray
  G4DynamicParticle* delta = 
    new G4DynamicParticle(theElectron,deltaDirection,deltaKinEnergy);
 
  vdp->push_back(delta);
 
  // Change kinematics of primary particle
  kineticEnergy       -= deltaKinEnergy;
  G4ThreeVector finalP = direction*totMomentum - deltaDirection*deltaMomentum;
  finalP               = finalP.unit();
 
  fParticleChange->SetProposedKineticEnergy(kineticEnergy);
  fParticleChange->SetProposedMomentumDirection(finalP);
}
 
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G4double G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel::SampleFluctuations(
                                       const G4MaterialCutsCouple* couple,
                                       const G4DynamicParticle* dp,
                                       G4double tmax,
                                       G4double length,
                                       G4double meanLoss)
{
  G4double siga = Dispersion(couple->GetMaterial(),dp,tmax,length);
  G4double loss = meanLoss;
  siga = sqrt(siga);
  G4double twomeanLoss = meanLoss + meanLoss;
 
  if(twomeanLoss < siga) {
    G4double x;
    do {
      loss = twomeanLoss*G4UniformRand();
      x = (loss - meanLoss)/siga;
      // Loop checking, 07-Aug-2015, Vladimir Ivanchenko
    } while (1.0 - 0.5*x*x < G4UniformRand());
  } else {
    do {
      loss = G4RandGauss::shoot(meanLoss,siga);
      // Loop checking, 07-Aug-2015, Vladimir Ivanchenko
    } while (0.0 > loss || loss > twomeanLoss);
  }
  return loss;
}
 
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G4double 
G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel::Dispersion(const G4Material* material,
                                          const G4DynamicParticle* dp,
                                          G4double tmax,
                                          G4double length)
{
  G4double siga = 0.0;
  G4double tau   = dp->GetKineticEnergy()/mass;
  if(tau > 0.0) { 
    G4double electronDensity = material->GetElectronDensity();
    G4double gam   = tau + 1.0;
    G4double invbeta2 = (gam*gam)/(tau * (tau+2.0));
    siga  = (invbeta2 - 0.5) * twopi_mc2_rcl2 * tmax * length
      * electronDensity * chargeSquare;
  }
  return siga;
}
 
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G4double 
G4mplIonisationWithDeltaModel::MaxSecondaryEnergy(const G4ParticleDefinition*,
                                                  G4double kinEnergy)
{
  G4double tau = kinEnergy/mass;
  return 2.0*electron_mass_c2*tau*(tau + 2.);
}
 
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